Phosphoenolpyruvic acid monopotassium salt is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogeneis. In glycolysis PEP is metabolized by Pyruvate Kinase to yield pyruvate. In plants PEP is involved in the formation of aromatic amino acids as well as in the carbon fixation pathway.

TH1085 is an enhancer of OGG1. TH1085 stimulates DNA repair and protects cells from the environmental hazard paraquat (PQ).

MID-1 is an inhibitor of MG53-IRS-1 (Mitsugumin 53-Insulin Receptor Substrate-1) interaction.?It disrupts molecular association of MG53 with IRS-1 and abolishes MG53-induced IRS-1 ubiquitination and degradation in skeletal muscle, leading to elevated IRS-1 expression level and increased insulin signaling and glucose uptake.